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Pay & tax

How capital gains are taxed: rates, allowances and holding periods

Why the same gain is taxed at a flat rate in one country, at your income tax rate in another and not at all in a third, with worked examples.

Reviewed by CentExactRates effective 30 sourcesCalculated in your browser. Shared links include inputs.

How the result is calculated

A capital gain is the difference between what you sold something for and what it cost you, and every country starts from that figure. What happens next is where they part company. Some charge one flat rate on the gain whatever else you earn: Ireland's 31%, Japan's 20.315% on listed shares, Sweden's 30% on capital income, Germany's 25% Abgeltungsteuer. Some add part of the gain to your income and tax it at your marginal rate: Canada includes half, Australia half after a year. And some share one set of bands between income and gains, so the rate on the gain depends on how much of each band your salary has already used: the United States, Britain and, for some assets, India.

gainsale price − purchase price − costs

taxed amountgain − reliefs

taxtax on (other income + taxed amount) − tax on (other income) where the bands are shared

taxrate × taxed amount where the rate is flat

purchase price
what you paid, or a deemed cost where the law allows one
costs
the incidental costs of buying and selling: commission, stamp duty, legal and agent's fees, and improvements to property
reliefs
the annual allowance, a holding-period discount or abatement, an inclusion rate, a home exemption
other income
your taxable income for the year without the gain, which some countries stack the gain on
The engine for each country lives beside its take-home engine and reads the same brackets and allowances, so the two calculators cannot disagree about one law.

The stacking line is the important one. An American with $58,900 of taxable income has already used the whole 0% band for long-term gains, which ends at $49,450 for a single filer, so every dollar of gain pays 15%. A Briton whose taxable income is £20,000 has £17,700 of basic rate band left, so that much of the gain pays 18% and the rest 24%. The calculator does not look the rate up; it prices the gain as the extra tax it creates, so a gain that straddles a band edge is charged correctly on each side of it.

Worked example

Worked exampleThe calculator's opening figures: shares bought for $20,000 and sold for $35,000 after three years
ItemAmountHow it is obtained
Sale price$35,000
Purchase price and costs$20,000no commission
Gain$15,000held 36 months, so long-term
Other taxable income$58,900$75,000 of wages less the $16,100 standard deduction
Federal tax at 15%$2,250the 0% band ends at $49,450, already used by wages
Net investment income tax$0modified AGI of $90,000 is below $200,000
Tax on the gain$2,250$12,750 of the gain is kept

Try it with these figures

Worked exampleBritain: £52,600 of gains for someone with £20,000 of taxable income (the GOV.UK example)
ItemAmountHow it is obtained
Gain£52,600
Annual exempt amount−£3,000£49,600 left to tax
Basic rate band left£17,700£37,700 less £20,000 of taxable income
£17,700 at 18%£3,186
£31,900 at 24%£7,656
Capital Gains Tax£10,842the figure GOV.UK gives

Try it with these figures

Worked exampleNew Zealand: a rental bought for $650,000 and sold 18 months later for $700,000
ItemAmountHow it is obtained
Gain$35,000after $15,000 of agent's and legal fees
Bright-line testappliessold within two years and not the main home
Other income$75,000
$3,100 at 30%$930the rest of the 30% band
$31,900 at 33%$10,527
Income tax on the gain$11,457nothing at all if it had been held two years

Try it with these figures

Reading the result

The headline is the tax the gain itself causes, which is not the same as your tax bill for the year. Where the rate depends on income, it is the difference between the tax on your income with the gain and without it, so it already includes any allowance the gain uses up or any band it pushes you into. The rate shown beside it is the tax as a share of the whole gain, before any allowance, which is the fairest way to compare one country with another.

"Taxed amount" is the gain after the reliefs the law gives before any rate: the annual exempt amount in Britain and Ireland, the Sparer-Pauschbetrag in Germany, the inclusion rate in Canada, the discount in Australia, the holding abatements in France. "Proceeds after tax" is what reaches your bank: the sale price less the costs and the tax.

Two countries need a different reading. In the Netherlands the figure is the box 3 tax for the year of sale, which is charged on a deemed return on what you held on 1 January whether you sell or not; the sale matters only when your actual return for the year is lower, and then that is taxed instead. In New Zealand a result of nothing is the normal case, because there is no general tax on gains; the bright-line test and the intention rule are the exceptions.

What changes the result

The holding period changes the answer more than anything except the gain itself. An American gain held twelve months is ordinary income, at up to 37%; one day more and it pays at most 20%. Japanese land sold in its fifth year pays 39.63%; in its sixth, 20.315%. An Australian asset held 11 months is taxed in full; at 12 months, on half. French property loses 6% of its taxable gain for income tax each year from the sixth and is free after 22 years, and of social charges after 30.

Your other income matters wherever the bands are shared. In Britain a year with a low salary leaves more of the basic rate band for the gain at 18%; in Canada and Australia a sabbatical year puts the included gain in a lower bracket. Selling across two tax years can use two years' allowances and two years' bands, which is often the largest saving available.

The kind of asset decides which regime applies at all. Your main home is exempt in most countries, though not in Sweden, where 22/30 of the gain is taxed, or in Spain unless you are 65 or over or reinvest. German shares pay the flat 25%, but German property is taxed at your personal rate if sold within ten years and not at all after.

What is not included

The calculator prices one sale on its own. It does not set the gain against other gains or losses of the same year, or against losses brought forward, and it treats any annual allowance as unused. It leaves out partial reliefs for a home that was let or used for business for part of the time, indexation and the grandfathered costs that apply to assets bought decades ago, and the special regimes for funds, options, cryptoassets and tax-free accounts such as ISAs, TFSAs, PEAs and NISA.

Taxes charged by a state, a province's own capital tax or a town hall are also outside it: American state income tax and the Spanish plusvalía municipal. Canada is the exception, because provincial income tax on the included half is part of the same return and is calculated.

Using the result

Use the figure to compare the timing and the route of a sale: this tax year or next, before or after a holding-period threshold, shares or property first. Then check the reliefs you may qualify for that the calculator cannot know about, such as a partial home exemption, an unused allowance carried forward or a reinvestment relief, and keep the purchase and sale documents, because every authority asks for them. A sale of property is usually reported quickly: within 60 days in Britain, within 30 days of the end of the month of sale in Sri Lanka, and through the notary in France.

Questions and answers

Short answers to the questions people bring to this calculator, each with the figures to try and, where one exists, the official source to check.

Because several countries share one set of bands between income and gains. In the United States the 0%, 15% and 20% rates depend on where the gain falls when it is stacked on your taxable income; in Britain the 18% rate applies only to the part of the gain that fits in your unused basic rate band; in Canada and Australia the taxable part of the gain is simply added to your income. In Ireland, Japan, Sweden and under Germany's Abgeltungsteuer the rate is flat and income makes no difference.

Data sources

Every rate, threshold and index the calculator uses is read from a dataset that records where it came from and when it applies. The list below is that record.

  1. United States: federal capital gains tax, tax year 2026

    IRS Rev. Proc. 2025-32 (2026 inflation adjustments), section .03; IRS Topic 409, Capital gains and losses; IRS Topic 559, Net investment income tax; IRS, Questions and answers on the net investment income tax; IRS Topic 701, Sale of your home.

    Effective 1 January 2026 to 31 December 2026. Retrieved 18 October 2026. Within its effective period.

    Federal tax only. The 0%, 15% and 20% bands are the taxable-income thresholds of Rev. Proc. 2025-32, stacked on ordinary taxable income as the Qualified Dividends and Capital Gain Tax Worksheet does. The ordinary brackets and the standard deduction are read from the take-home dataset tax:us:2026, and other income is taken as wages. Unrecaptured section 1250 gain (25%), the section 1202 exclusion, state tax and the alternative minimum tax are not modelled. The NIIT thresholds are set by statute and are not indexed.

    How we checked these figures

    Thresholds read from the Rev. Proc. PDF. The NIIT is pinned to the IRS Q&A's single-filer examples ($2,660 and $0). The IRS publishes no numeric example of the capital gain worksheet, so the bands are pinned at their edges.

  2. United Kingdom: Capital Gains Tax for individuals, 2026/27

    GOV.UK, Capital Gains Tax rates and annual tax-free allowances; GOV.UK, Capital Gains Tax: what you pay it on, rates and allowances; HMRC HS275, Business Asset Disposal Relief (2026); GOV.UK, Tax when you sell your home; GOV.UK, Report and pay your Capital Gains Tax.

    Effective 6 April 2026 to 5 April 2027. Retrieved 18 October 2026. Within its effective period.

    Individuals pay 18% and 24% on every kind of asset, residential property included. Business Asset Disposal Relief rose from 14% to 18% on 6 April 2026, the same as the lower rate, so it now matters through its use of the basic rate band rather than its rate. The basic rate band and the personal allowance are read from the take-home dataset tax:uk:2026-27; the rest-of-UK band applies to Scottish taxpayers too. Investors' Relief, partial Private Residence Relief and losses brought forward are not modelled.

    How we checked these figures

    Pinned to the two worked examples on gov.uk/capital-gains-tax/rates: 1,728 and 10,842 pounds on 20,000 pounds of taxable income.

  3. Germany: Abgeltungsteuer and private sales of property, 2026

    § 32d EStG, Gesonderter Steuertarif für Einkünfte aus Kapitalvermögen; § 20 EStG, Kapitalvermögen (Sparer-Pauschbetrag); § 23 EStG, Private Veräußerungsgeschäfte; § 4 SolZG, Zuschlagsatz; BZSt, Kirchensteuer auf Abgeltungsteuer.

    Effective 1 January 2026 to 31 December 2026. Retrieved 18 October 2026. Within its effective period.

    Gains on shares and funds are taxed at 25% under § 32d, reduced to e / (4 + k) for a church member; the Solidaritätszuschlag of 5.5% is charged on that tax in full. A sale of land or a building within ten years is taxed at the personal rate of the § 32a tariff, read from the take-home dataset tax:de:2026, on the taxable income the take-home engine finds for the other income in tax class I. Teilfreistellung for funds, foreign withholding tax, the joint assessment tariff (Splitting) and losses carried forward are not modelled.

    How we checked these figures

    There is no official numeric example of § 32d; the figures follow the statutory formula. Banks truncate to the cent; the calculator rounds once at the result.

  4. Canada: tax on capital gains, 2026

    CRA, Guide T4037 Capital Gains; CRA, Update on the administration of the proposed capital gains taxation changes; CRA, Adjustment of personal income tax and benefit amounts (2026 indexation); CRA, Income Tax Folio S1-F3-C2, Principal Residence.

    Effective 1 January 2026 to 31 December 2026. Retrieved 18 October 2026. Within its effective period.

    The inclusion rate is one half: the increase to two thirds proposed in Budget 2024 was cancelled on 21 March 2025 and the CRA administers the one-half rate. The taxable half is taxed through the take-home dataset tax:ca:2026 (federal and the 13 provincial and territorial scales), with the person's other income taken as employment income. A partial principal residence designation, the lifetime capital gains exemption, the alternative minimum tax and capital gains reserves are not modelled.

    How we checked these figures

    The inclusion is pinned to the T4037 example: proceeds 6,500, adjusted cost base 4,000 and outlays 60 give a gain of 2,440 and a taxable capital gain of 1,220.

  5. Australia: capital gains tax for resident individuals, 2026-27

    ATO, CGT discount; ATO, CGT discount for foreign residents; ATO, Your main residence (home); ATO, Tax rates for Australian residents.

    Effective 1 July 2026 to 30 June 2027. Retrieved 18 October 2026. Within its effective period.

    A resident individual who held the asset for at least 12 months includes half the gain in assessable income; foreign residents get no discount for periods after 8 May 2012 and are not modelled. The net capital gain is taxed through the take-home dataset tax:au:2026-27: the resident scale, the low income tax offset and the Medicare levy. The Medicare levy surcharge, which depends on private hospital cover, partial main residence exemptions and losses carried forward are not modelled.

    How we checked these figures

    The ATO pages refuse automated fetches; the figures were read from the ATO's own pages through search excerpts. The discount is pinned to the ATO example: a 10,000 dollar gain on an asset held 18 months is declared as 5,000.

  6. Ireland: capital gains tax, disposals from 7 October 2026

    Revenue, How to calculate CGT; Revenue eBrief 142/26, Budget 2027 changes to CGT; Revenue, When and how do you pay and file CGT; Revenue, Principal private residence relief.

    Effective 7 October 2026 to 31 December 2026. Retrieved 18 October 2026. Within its effective period.

    Budget 2027 cut the standard rate from 33% to 31% for disposals on or after 7 October 2026, by financial resolution ahead of the Finance Act; disposals before that date pay 33%, and development land stays at 33%. The personal exemption of 1,270 euro is per person and does not transfer between spouses. Indexation for assets held before 2003, losses brought forward, partial principal private residence relief and the 15% venture fund rate are not modelled.

    How we checked these figures

    Pinned to Revenue's two worked examples, recomputed at the 33% rate they use (79,873.20 and 917.40 euro).

  7. Netherlands: box 3 in the year of a sale, 2026

    Belastingdienst, Berekening box 3 inkomen 2026; Belastingdienst, Wat is mijn werkelijk rendement?; Eerste Kamer, Wet werkelijk rendement box 3 (36.748); Belastingdienst, Aanmerkelijk belang 2026.

    Effective 1 January 2026 to 31 December 2026. Retrieved 18 October 2026. Within its effective period.

    There is no tax on a capital gain as such. Box 3 taxes a deemed return of 6.00% on investments and other assets held on 1 January, at 36%, on the share of the base above the heffingsvrij vermogen of 59,357 euro per person. Under the tegenbewijs a lower actual return is taxed instead: income plus realised and unrealised changes in value, with no allowance, no deduction for costs and a floor of nil. The calculator treats the sold asset as the whole of box 3. Savings, debts, a partner, and the deemed own-use charge on a second home are not modelled. The Wet werkelijk rendement box 3, which would tax actual gains from 2028, had passed the Tweede Kamer but not the Eerste Kamer when this dataset was retrieved.

    How we checked these figures

    Figures and the calculation steps are the Belastingdienst's own for 2026. Its text rounds the share to three decimals while its examples use two; the calculator uses three.

  8. New Zealand: the bright-line test for residential property, 2026-27

    Inland Revenue IR1229, Bright-line property tax, for residential property sold from 1 July 2024; Inland Revenue IR461, Foreign investment funds and foreign investment policies; Inland Revenue, Tax rates for individuals.

    Effective 1 April 2026 to 31 March 2027. Retrieved 18 October 2026. Within its effective period.

    New Zealand has no general capital gains tax. Residential land sold within two years of acquisition (for sales on or after 1 July 2024) is taxed as income at marginal rates, read from the take-home dataset tax:nz:2026-27 with the independent earner tax credit. The main home exclusion, the intention test (land bought to resell is taxed whenever sold), dealing and the FIF regime for foreign shares are described rather than priced. The proposal to raise the FIF threshold from 50,000 to 100,000 dollars was not enacted when this dataset was retrieved.

    How we checked these figures

    The bright-line period and the exclusion are read from IR1229.

  9. Sweden: tax on capital gains, income year 2026

    Skatteverket, Belopp och procent inkomstår 2026; Skatteverket, Omkostnadsbelopp (genomsnittsmetoden och schablonmetoden); Skatteverket, Kvittning och kvotering.

    Effective 1 January 2026 to 31 December 2026. Retrieved 18 October 2026. Within its effective period.

    Capital income is taxed at 30%. Listed shares and fund units may take 20% of the sale price after costs as their cost (schablonmetoden); the calculator uses whichever method gives the smaller gain. 22/30 of a gain on a private home is taxable and half of a loss on one is deductible. Deferral (uppskov) on buying a new home, the 90% rule for commercial property, unlisted shares and the tax reduction for a capital deficit are not modelled.

    How we checked these figures

    Rates and shares read from Skatteverket's 2026 amounts page.

  10. India: capital gains tax, tax year 2026-27

    Union Budget 2026-27, Memorandum explaining the provisions in the Finance Bill; Income-tax Act 2025 as amended by the Finance Act 2026; Union Budget 2025-26, Memorandum (rebate on special-rate income).

    Effective 1 April 2026 to 31 March 2027. Retrieved 18 October 2026. Within its effective period.

    The Income-tax Act 2025 renumbered the 1961 sections and kept their rates: s.196 (formerly 111A) taxes short-term gains on listed equity at 20%, s.198 (112A) long-term gains on it at 12.5% above 1,25,000 rupees, and s.197 (112) other long-term gains at 12.5% without indexation; the Finance Bill 2026 memorandum states no rate change. Listed securities and equity funds are long-term after 12 months, other assets after 24. Short-term gains on other assets go to the slabs of the take-home dataset tax:in:2026-27. Surcharge on these gains is capped at 15%. The option of 20% with indexation for land and buildings bought before 23 July 2024, debt funds, buybacks and the s.54 reinvestment exemptions are not modelled.

    How we checked these figures

    incometaxindia.gov.in refuses automated fetches; the section numbers were read from search excerpts of it and from the Finance Bill memorandum, which was read in full. The CBDT publishes no numeric example. Whether the 2025 Act's rebate excludes special-rate gains in the same words as the 1961 Act could not be confirmed; the calculator applies no rebate to them.

  11. Sri Lanka: capital gains tax for individuals, from 3 June 2026

    IRD Sri Lanka, Capital Gains Tax; IRD notice SEC/PN/IT/2026/02, Inland Revenue (Amendment) Act No. 11 of 2026; IRD tax chart 2025/26.

    Effective 3 June 2026 to 31 March 2027. Retrieved 18 October 2026. Within its effective period.

    The Inland Revenue (Amendment) Act No. 11 of 2026 raised the rate for individuals from 10% to 15% for gains realised from 3 June 2026. The tax falls on investment assets (land, buildings, unlisted shares, interests in partnerships and trusts), separately from income tax and with no personal relief. Assets held on 30 September 2017 take their market value on that date as their cost; that, partnerships and trusts are not modelled. The IRD's own CGT page still shows the earlier 10% rate.

    How we checked these figures

    Rate read from the text of the IRD notice of 8 June 2026; exemptions from the IRD's CGT page. The IRD publishes no numeric example.

  12. Finland: luovutusvoitto, capital gains of individuals, 2026

    Vero, Omaisuuden luovutusvoitot ja -tappiot luonnollisen henkilön tuloverotuksessa; Vero, Capital income; Vero, Selling your home.

    Effective 1 January 2026 to 31 December 2026. Retrieved 18 October 2026. Within its effective period.

    Capital income is taxed at 30% up to 30,000 euro a year and 34% above. The deemed acquisition cost (TVL 46 §) is 20% of the sale price, or 40% for property held at least ten years, and replaces the real cost and all costs together; the calculator uses whichever gives the smaller gain, and never uses it to make a loss. Other capital income in the year, an inherited asset's taxable value and the transfer tax paid on purchase are taken as already in the cost entered.

    How we checked these figures

    Pinned to Vero's example 9: shares bought for 60,000 and sold for 100,000 after more than ten years give a gain of 40,000 on the real cost.

  13. Japan: separate taxation of gains on shares and real estate, 2026

    NTA Tax Answer No.1463, Taxation of gains on listed shares; NTA Tax Answer No.1440, Gains on land and buildings; NTA Tax Answer No.3302, The 30 million yen special deduction for a home; NTA Tax Answer No.3305, Reduced rates for a home held over ten years; NTA pamphlet, Taxes on transfers of land and buildings.

    Effective 1 January 2026 to 31 December 2026. Retrieved 18 October 2026. Within its effective period.

    Listed shares and long-term land and buildings: 15% income tax, the 2.1% reconstruction surtax on it, and 5% inhabitant tax (20.315%). Land and buildings held five years or less at 1 January of the year of sale: 30%, surtax and 9% (39.63%). A home you live in takes a 30 million yen deduction, and one held over ten years pays 10% and 4% on the next 60 million. The holding period is counted in whole years from the months entered, which approximates the 1 January rule. Depreciation of a building, NISA accounts, unlisted shares and the replacement-property deferral are not modelled. The combined percentages are sums of the NTA's components, not printed by it.

    How we checked these figures

    Pinned to No.3305's examples: income tax of 5,000,000 plus 105,000 surtax on a 50 million yen gain, and 9,000,000 plus 189,000 on 80 million.

  14. France: plus-values on securities and on property, 2026

    Service-Public F21618, Plus-values sur valeurs mobilières; Loi n° 2025-1403 du 30 décembre 2025 de financement de la sécurité sociale pour 2026; impots.gouv.fr, Principales nouveautés, déclaration des revenus de 2025; Service-Public F10864, Plus-value immobilière sur la vente d'un bien; BOFiP BOI-RFPI-TPVIE-20, Taxe sur les plus-values immobilières élevées.

    Effective 1 January 2026 to 31 December 2026. Retrieved 18 October 2026. Within its effective period.

    Article 12 of the LFSS 2026 raised the CSG on investment income from 9.2% to 10.6%, so the social charges on a securities gain are 18.6% and the flat tax 31.4%; property gains keep 17.2%. The barème election is priced through the take-home dataset tax:fr:2026 for a single person with salary as the other income. The holding abatements for securities bought before 2018 under the barème, the 7.5% and 15% flat-rate additions to a property's cost, the CEHR and the exemption for a first sale other than the main home are not modelled.

    How we checked these figures

    Property abatements pinned to F10864's examples (bases of 7,000 and 9,175 after ten years; 4,500 for social charges after 25). The surtax scale is BOFiP's, pinned to its example 1 (103,400 gives 2,442).

  15. Spain: ganancias patrimoniales in the base del ahorro, 2026

    AEAT, Manual IRPF 2025: gravamen de la base liquidable del ahorro; Ley 7/2024 (the 30% band from 2025); AEAT, Transmisión de la vivienda habitual por mayores de 65 años; AEAT, Exención por reinversión en vivienda habitual.

    Effective 1 January 2026 to 31 December 2026. Retrieved 18 October 2026. Within its effective period.

    The state and regional savings scales are identical and each is half the combined scale: 19% to 6,000, 21% to 50,000, 23% to 200,000, 27% to 300,000 and 30% above. The personal minimum not used by the general base comes off the savings base (art. 56 LIRPF), so the calculator runs the take-home engine on the other income, read from tax:es:2026, to find it. País Vasco and Navarra, the coeficientes de abatimiento for assets bought before 1995, partial reinvestment and the plusvalía municipal are not modelled. No 2026 change to the savings scale was found; the renta 2026 manual is not yet published.

    How we checked these figures

    The scale is the AEAT's 2025 one; the cumulative tax at its band edges (1,140 at 6,000; 71,880 at 300,000) is pinned in the tests.

  16. US federal income tax and FICA, tax year 2026

    IRS Rev. Proc. 2025-32 (2026 inflation adjustments); IRS, One, Big, Beautiful Bill provisions; SSA, 2026 Social Security wage base.

    Effective 1 January 2026 to 31 December 2026. Retrieved 28 August 2026. Within its effective period.

    Federal only. Standard deduction reflects the One Big Beautiful Bill Act as adjusted for 2026. State income tax is not modelled.

  17. UK income tax (rUK and Scotland), Class 1 National Insurance and student loans, 2026/27

    GOV.UK, Rates and thresholds for employers 2026 to 2027; GOV.UK, Income Tax rates and Personal Allowances; GOV.UK, Repaying your student loan: what you pay.

    Effective 6 April 2026 to 5 April 2027. Retrieved 29 August 2026. Within its effective period.

    Income tax for England, Wales and Northern Ireland and, separately, the six Scottish bands. Employee Class 1 National Insurance at 8% between the primary threshold and upper earnings limit and 2% above. Personal allowance, band thresholds and NI thresholds remain frozen at 2025/26 levels. Pension contributions are modelled for the three payroll methods (relief at source, net pay and salary sacrifice), and student loan repayments for Plans 1, 2, 4, 5 and postgraduate. Marriage allowance, blind person's allowance, benefits in kind and NI categories other than A are not modelled.

  18. Germany: Lohnsteuer (BMF Programmablaufplan 2026), Solidaritätszuschlag, Kirchensteuer and social insurance 2026

    BMF, Programmablaufplan für die maschinelle Berechnung der Lohnsteuer 2026 (12 Nov 2025); § 32a EStG, Einkommensteuertarif; BMF-Schreiben, Vorsorgepauschale im Lohnsteuerabzugsverfahren ab 2026 (14 Aug 2025); Sozialversicherungs-Rechengrößenverordnung 2026; GKV-Spitzenverband, Faktenblatt Rechengrößen und Beitragssätze 2026; Kirchensteuer-Hebesätze der Länder.

    Effective 1 January 2026 to 31 December 2026. Retrieved 29 August 2026. Within its effective period.

    Employee payroll withholding (Lohnsteuer) for tax classes I to VI following the official BMF algorithm, including the 2026 Vorsorgepauschale, Solidaritätszuschlag with Freigrenze and Milderungszone, church tax by Land, and the four statutory insurance branches with the nationwide contribution ceiling. Minijob and Midijob (Übergangsbereich) rules applied when monthly pay is at or below the thresholds. Altersentlastungsbetrag, Versorgungsbezüge and annual assessment items (Kappung of church tax, Sonderausgaben beyond the flat amount) are not modelled.

  19. Canada: federal and provincial payroll deductions, CPP, CPP2 and EI, 2026

    CRA, T4127 Payroll Deductions Formulas (123rd edition, July 2026); CRA, Federal tax rates and income thresholds, current year; CRA, CPP contribution rates, maximums and exemptions; ESDC, 2026 Employment Insurance premium rate; Revenu Québec, Employers' principal changes for 2026; Ontario, Health premium rates.

    Effective 1 January 2026 to 31 December 2026. Retrieved 29 August 2026. Within its effective period.

    Follows the CRA T4127 payroll formula: the enhanced CPP/QPP contribution and CPP2/QPP2 are deducted from income before tax, while the base contribution and EI are non-refundable credits at the lowest rate. Includes the federal basic personal amount clawback, the Ontario surtax, tax reduction and health premium, the Quebec 16.5% federal abatement with QPP and QPIP, and the Northwest Territories and Nunavut 2% employee payroll tax. Employer-only levies (EHT, FSS, HAPSET) are excluded from take-home and shown as employer cost. Credits other than the basic personal amount, the Canada employment amount and the CPP/EI credits are not modelled.

    How we checked these figures

    Reference vectors reproduce a T4127 implementation cross-checked against third-party engines; CRA's PDOC cannot be scripted, so figures were verified against published rate tables rather than PDOC itself.

  20. Australia: individual income tax, Medicare levy, LITO, HELP and superannuation, 2026-27

    ATO, Tax rates for Australian residents; ATO, Medicare levy reduction for low-income earners; ATO, Medicare levy surcharge income thresholds and rates; ATO, Study and training support loans rates and repayment thresholds; ATO, Super guarantee percentage; ATO: income tests, including reportable super contributions in MLS and HELP repayment income.

    Effective 1 July 2026 to 30 June 2027. Retrieved 29 August 2026. Within its effective period.

    Financial year 2026-27, in which the second marginal rate falls from 16% to 15%. Covers resident, foreign-resident and working-holiday-maker scales, the Medicare levy with its low-income phase-in, the Medicare levy surcharge for people without private hospital cover, the low income tax offset and compulsory HELP repayments. Medicare levy family thresholds, SAPTO, Division 293 and offsets other than LITO are not modelled; superannuation is reported separately because it is paid on top of salary rather than deducted from it.

  21. Ireland: income tax, USC and PRSI Class A, 2026

    Revenue, Tax rates, bands and reliefs (2026 chart); Revenue, USC standard rates and thresholds; Revenue, Employee (PAYE) Tax Credit; Department of Social Protection, PRSI contribution rates SW14 (January 2026).

    Effective 1 January 2026 to 31 December 2026. Retrieved 29 August 2026. Within its effective period.

    PAYE employees on Class A PRSI. The employee PRSI rate rises from 4.2% to 4.35% on 1 October 2026, so a full tax year is charged at the composite rate of 4.2375% used by the Budget calculators. Married two-income cases allocate the lower earner's income against the couple's band first, which is Revenue's default. Rent, mortgage-interest, home-carer and other optional credits, benefit in kind, and the self-employed USC surcharge are not modelled.

    How we checked these figures

    Employer PRSI: 9.15% on weekly earnings up to 552 euro and 11.4% above, the rates from 1 October 2026 (Department of Social Protection SW14, January 2026). The 552 euro limit was corrected on 2026-10-19 from 441 euro, the limit that applied before 2024.

  22. Netherlands: box 1 wage tax, national insurance and tax credits, 2026

    Belastingdienst, Box 1 tarieven; Belastingdienst, Tabel algemene heffingskorting 2026; Belastingdienst, Tabel arbeidskorting 2026; Topinkomens.nl, Algemeen bezoldigingsmaximum 2026 vastgesteld op 262.000 euro; Business.gov.nl, The 30% facility for incoming employees.

    Effective 1 January 2026 to 31 December 2026. Retrieved 29 August 2026. Within its effective period.

    Box 1 employment income. The first-bracket rate of 35.75% is 8.10% wage tax plus 27.65% national insurance premiums (AOW, Anw and Wlz); above AOW age the AOW premium falls away, leaving 17.85%. The general tax credit and the labour tax credit are applied as credits against the tax due, which is why net pay rises more slowly than gross between roughly 30,000 and 78,000 euro. Holiday allowance of 8% is handled by the 'included in salary' switch. Income-dependent healthcare contributions paid by the employer, box 2 and box 3 income, mortgage interest relief and the income-dependent combination credit are not modelled.

    How we checked these figures

    Bracket boundaries, the general tax credit table and the full labour tax credit table were read directly from the Belastingdienst pages listed above. The 30% ruling salary cap is the 2026 WNT maximum of 262,000 euro, corrected on 2026-10-19 from the 2025 figure of 246,000.

  23. New Zealand: PAYE, ACC earners' levy, KiwiSaver and student loan, 2026-27

    Inland Revenue, Deductions from salary and wages; Inland Revenue, Independent earner tax credit (IETC); Inland Revenue, Changes to the KiwiSaver contribution rate; MBIE, Setting the average ACC levy rates for 2025-26 to 2027-28.

    Effective 1 April 2026 to 31 March 2027. Retrieved 29 August 2026. Within its effective period.

    Tax year 2026-27. Two things changed on 1 April 2026: the ACC earners' levy rose to 1.75% with a higher maximum liable earnings, and the default KiwiSaver employee rate rose from 3% to 3.5% (rising again to 4% in April 2028). Working for Families, secondary tax codes, ESCT on the employer's KiwiSaver contribution, child support deductions and the end-of-year square-up are not modelled.

    How we checked these figures

    Bands and thresholds are the published Inland Revenue figures; vectors are computed from them and should be re-checked against the IRD PAYE calculator when it is updated for 2026-27.

  24. Sweden: municipal and state income tax, grundavdrag and jobbskatteavdrag, 2026

    Skatteverket, Teknisk beskrivning SKV 433 utgåva 36, inkomstår 2026; Skatteverket, Kommunala skattesatser 2026; SCB, Totala kommunala skattesatser 2026; Skatteverket, Arbetsgivaravgifter.

    Effective 1 January 2026 to 31 December 2026. Retrieved 29 August 2026. Within its effective period.

    Income year 2026. The formulas for grundavdrag, jobbskatteavdrag, the state tax threshold and the employment-income credit are taken verbatim from Skatteverket's technical description SKV 433. The high-income taper of the jobbskatteavdrag is abolished for 2026, so it plateaus rather than phasing out. Employees pay no visible social contributions in Sweden: the allmän pensionsavgift is levied at 7% and then credited back in full, so it is shown and cancelled rather than omitted. Only the under-66 tables are modelled; the enhanced tables for people aged 66 and over, ROT and RUT, commuting and interest deductions, and SINK for non-residents are not.

    How we checked these figures

    A representative set of municipal rates is shipped rather than all 290: the totals below are from SCB and Skatteverket, but the kommun and region split published by secondary sources looked inconsistent, so only the totals, which are what the calculation needs, are stored.

  25. India: income tax under the new and old regimes, EPF and professional tax, FY 2026-27

    Income Tax Department, tax rates; Income Tax Department, official tax calculator; EPFO, contribution rates.

    Effective 1 April 2026 to 31 March 2027. Retrieved 29 August 2026. Within its effective period.

    Financial year 2026-27 (assessment year 2027-28). The Union Budget 2026 left the slabs, cess, surcharge and the section 87A rebate unchanged from the Budget 2025 settings, so the same rates also apply to FY 2025-26. Salary is assumed to be the annual gross rather than CTC, which additionally contains the employer's own contributions. HRA exemption, perquisite valuation, employer contributions above the taxable threshold, and the ESI contribution-period continuation rule are not modelled. Professional tax is modelled only for the states whose Acts were verified; other states are treated as nil and say so.

    How we checked these figures

    Slabs, rebate, surcharge and cess are the published statutory figures. Vectors are computed from them and should be re-checked against the department's own calculator, which is linked above.

  26. Sri Lanka: APIT (PAYE) and EPF, year of assessment 2026/27

    Inland Revenue Department, tax chart Y/A 2025/2026; Inland Revenue Department, APIT tax tables; KPMG, Sri Lanka Budget 2026 tax proposals.

    Effective 1 April 2026 to 31 March 2027. Retrieved 29 August 2026. Within its effective period.

    The rate table published for Y/A 2025/2026 carries into 2026/27: the Budget 2026 contained no personal income tax or APIT proposals. Personal relief is 1,800,000 rupees a year, raised from 1,200,000, and the 12% band that existed in earlier years was removed. Only primary employment on Table 01 is modelled: secondary employment, terminal benefits, gratuity, lump sums and non-cash benefits use separate tables and are excluded, as are rent relief and solar relief, which are annual-return items.

    How we checked these figures

    APIT is computed on gross remuneration, without deducting the employee's own 8% EPF contribution. Payroll vendors differ on this point; the Inland Revenue Act taxes employment income gross and Table 01 takes monthly regular profits from employment as its input, so that is the reading implemented here, and it is stated on the tool page so a user can see the assumption.

  27. Finland: state and municipal income tax, contributions and the work income credit, 2026

    Laki vuoden 2026 tuloveroasteikosta 1140/2025; Verohallinto, Veroperusteet 2026; Verohallinto, Kuntien ja seurakuntien tuloveroprosentit vuonna 2026 (VH/6585/00.01.00/2025); Verohallinto, Verotettavan tulon laskeminen henkiloverotuksessa; Elaketurvakeskus, Tyoelakemaksut vuonna 2026; Tyollisyysrahasto, Vuoden 2026 tyottomyysvakuutusmaksut on vahvistettu.

    Effective 1 January 2026 to 31 December 2026. Retrieved 29 August 2026. Within its effective period.

    Tax year 2026. Three things changed on 1 January 2026 and each breaks anything calibrated on 2025: the earnings-related pension contribution became a flat 7.30% for every age, so the higher 8.65% band for ages 53 to 62 is gone; the unemployment contribution rose from 0.59% to 0.89%; and the work income credit now tapers only between 35,000 and 50,550 euro, after which it stops falling and plateaus at 3,119 euro instead of phasing out. The state scale also lost the temporary top bracket, leaving five. The 12.64% first bracket starting at zero is not an error: it is the share the 2023 wellbeing-services-county reform moved off municipal rates onto the state. Trade union fees, the work-room deduction and the bicycle benefit exemption ceased to be deductible in 2026 and are not modelled. Also not modelled: Aland, which has its own municipal rates and no broadcasting tax; commuting costs; the household deduction; capital income; and the increases to the household deduction and the cut to the commuting own-liability that were proposed in June 2026 but had not been enacted when this dataset was retrieved, so the standing law is what is stored.

    How we checked these figures

    Nine municipal rates ship rather than all 309: the national weighted average plus the largest cities and the two extremes. Vero publishes the full list only as a large decision document and the church rates only per parish, so the totals that the calculation needs are stored and choosing the average warns the user. Church rates are the parishes' own published figures; Turku is stored at the 1.20% its parish publishes, since an older secondary report of 1.25% was a proposal rather than the confirmed rate. The engine is pinned to Veronmaksajat's published 2026 net-pay table, which is computed at the 7.57% weighted average municipal rate and the 1.38% membership-weighted church rate; all seven of its salary points reproduce to within one euro.

  28. Japan: income tax, the reconstruction surtax, inhabitant tax and social insurance, 2026

    National Tax Agency, Reiwa 8 tax reform: the increase in the basic deduction; National Tax Agency, No.1410 employment income deduction; National Tax Agency, No.2260 income tax rates; National Tax Agency, No.1130 social insurance premium deduction; Japan Health Insurance Association, FY2026 premium rates by prefecture; Japan Health Insurance Association, child-rearing support levy rate; Japan Pension Service, employees pension insurance premiums; Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, individual inhabitant tax.

    Effective 1 January 2026 to 31 December 2026. Retrieved 29 August 2026. Within its effective period.

    Calendar year 2026. Three parameter vintages are live in Japan at once and mixing them is the usual error: income tax here uses the Reiwa 8 reform, which raised the employment income deduction minimum to 740,000 yen and the basic deduction to 1,040,000 yen, and not the Reiwa 7 figures still shown on some older National Tax Agency pages. The reconstruction surtax of 2.1% still applies; from 2027 it falls to 1.1% and a 1% defence surtax replaces the difference, leaving the combined 2.1% multiplier unchanged. There is no fixed-amount tax cut in 2026: that was a one-off for 2024. The child-rearing support levy of 0.23%, new from April 2026, is included and is the item most often missing from a calculator ported from FY2025. Inhabitant tax is legally charged on the previous calendar year's income and collected from June to May; this models it on the current year on a steady-state assumption, which is right for someone whose pay is stable and wrong in the year they start work, change income sharply or leave Japan. Not modelled: bonuses as a separate base, so the annual salary is spread evenly over twelve months and the separate bonus caps never bind; the spouse deduction and the age categories of the dependant deduction, so every dependant is treated as a general dependant; municipalities that levy above the standard rate; the non-taxable thresholds for grade 2 and grade 3 municipalities, only grade 1 being modelled; and workers accident compensation insurance, which is rated by industry.

    How we checked these figures

    Premiums are computed on actual monthly remuneration clamped to the statutory floors and caps rather than on the standard remuneration grade tables, which the two insurers publish only as PDF and spreadsheet files. Within a grade the error is bounded by the width of one band and the caps, which is where the money is, are modelled exactly. The engine is pinned to the authorities' own component figures rather than to any end-to-end table, because no Japanese authority publishes one: the National Tax Agency worked example of 974,000 yen of tax on 7,000,000 of taxable income, the association's Tokyo premiums at a 300,000 standard monthly remuneration, and the 1,780,000 yen threshold at which the reformed deductions cancel out to zero tax. Payroll vendors do publish gross-to-net tables but disagree with each other by up to 8% at higher salaries, so none is used as an oracle.

  29. France: cotisations salariales, CSG and CRDS, and the 2026 income tax barème

    Service-Public, Bareme de l impot sur le revenu 2026 (F1419); BOFiP ACTU-2026-00022, indexation du bareme, loi n 2026-103 du 19 fevrier 2026; BOFiP BOI-IR-LIQ-20-20-20, plafonnement du quotient familial; BOFiP BOI-IR-LIQ-20-20-30, decote; Service-Public, frais professionnels: deduction forfaitaire ou frais reels (F1989); URSSAF, plafond annuel de la securite sociale; AGIRC-ARRCO, cotisations au regime en 2026; Legifrance, article 1657 CGI (regles d arrondi).

    Effective 1 January 2026 to 31 December 2026. Retrieved 29 August 2026. Within its effective period.

    Income tax is the bareme for 2026 as indexed by 0.9% by the loi de finances pour 2026 (loi n 2026-103 du 19 fevrier 2026, article 4). The PASS is 48,060 euro. Contribution rates are the 2026 figures for the regime general. The engine computes the annual income tax liability rather than the monthly prelevement a la source, because the withholding rate is set by the tax authority from a previous return and cannot be derived from a salary alone; the annual figure is what the year settles to. Not modelled: the prelevement a la source rate grids, which changed on 1 May 2026 and differ again for the overseas departments; frais reels in place of the 10% abatement; the contribution exceptionnelle and the contribution differentielle sur les hauts revenus, both of which are assessed annually rather than withheld and start above 250,000 euro of reference income; the reduction generale degressive on employer contributions, so the employer cost shown is the full rate; and the prevoyance and retraite supplementaire schemes, whose rates are set employer by employer. Complementary health cover is a user input rather than a rate, because the law requires the employer to offer and half-fund a scheme but sets no rate; the employee share is deducted from pay and, since 2014, is not deductible from taxable income, which is how it is treated here. Sources disagreed on the 10% abatement floor and ceiling: 495 and 14,171 euro circulate widely but are the 2023 figures, and 509 and 14,555 are the ones for 2025 income taxed in 2026.

    How we checked these figures

    No French authority publishes a gross-to-net table; impots.gouv.fr and URSSAF publish interactive simulators instead. The bareme is pinned to the worked example on service-public.gouv.fr, which takes 30,000 euro of net taxable income at one part to 2,103.99 euro of tax, with the full 11% bracket worth exactly 1,977.69. The decote parameters are cross-checked against their own algebraic break-even points, 897 / 0.4525 = 1,982 and 1,483 / 0.4525 = 3,277, both of which the published ceilings match. Contribution rates could not be read from urssaf.fr, which refused connections, so AGIRC-ARRCO rates come from the federation's own schedule and the social security rates from LegiSocial's reproduction of the 2026 URSSAF table; they are unchanged from 2025 in every source consulted. The annual SMIC of 21,876 euro (12.02 euro an hour at 1 January 2026, times 151.67 hours, times 12) sets the 2.5 SMIC threshold for the employer health rate; it was corrected on 2026-10-19 from 17,094, which is Spain's minimum wage.

  30. Spain: IRPF state and autonomous scales, social security and the 2026 withholding algorithm

    AEAT, Algoritmo de calculo del tipo de retencion, ejercicio 2026; AEAT, Manual practico Renta 2025: gravamen estatal (art. 63 LIRPF); AEAT, Manual practico Renta 2025: gravamen autonomico, one page per community; BOE-A-2026-7296, Orden PJC/297/2026 de cotizacion para 2026; BOE-A-2026-3815, Real Decreto 126/2026, salario minimo interprofesional 2026; AEAT, nota informativa sobre el Real Decreto-ley 5/2026 (deduccion DA 61 LIRPF).

    Effective 1 January 2026 to 31 December 2026. Retrieved 29 August 2026. Within its effective period.

    The 2026 budget was not approved and 2025's is prorogued, so the year's payroll parameters were legislated by decree instead: Orden PJC/297/2026 sets the contribution bases and rates, Real Decreto 126/2026 the minimum wage of 17,094 euro, and Real Decreto-ley 5/2026 the new work income deduction. The state scale and the withholding scale are unchanged since 2021 and the personal and family minimum since 2015. Spain produces two different figures for the same salary: the payslip withholds a retencion on a single national scale that ignores the autonomous community, while the annual return charges the state scale plus the community's own. Both are computed here; the headline is the annual liability and the retencion is quoted alongside it. Not modelled: the four foral territories, Alava, Bizkaia, Gipuzkoa and Navarra, which levy IRPF under their own Concierto or Convenio with entirely separate tariffs, deductions and withholding tables, and which AEAT does not administer; the employer accident and occupational illness premium, which is a per-activity tariff with no single rate; joint filing, which does not exist in the withholding algorithm at all; disability minimums and the geographic mobility increase; income other than employment income; and Ceuta and Melilla. The 2026 minimum wage is widely reported as free of income tax, and it is, but only through the annual deduction below: a single minimum-wage earner with no children is still above the withholding threshold and has tax deducted every month, then recovers it.

    How we checked these figures

    AEAT publishes no static worked example, only an interactive withholding service, so the engine is pinned to the published algorithm rather than to an oracle: the two-scale subtraction, the 43% cap that binds below 35,200 euro, and the truncation of the withholding rate to two decimals. Both computations were checked independently at 20,000 euro of salary in Madrid, giving a retencion of 1,772.00 at a rate of 8.86% and an annual liability of 1,915.61 before the new deduction, and the engine reproduces both to the cent. Community scales are the AEAT-published tables for tax year 2025, which is the most recent consolidated set: AEAT publishes a year's scales only once that year has closed, so where a community has not legislated a change the same table remains in force, and the tax year of each is recorded so the results can say which they are.

CentExactCalculator publisher

CentExact publishes the calculation method, worked examples and available data sources. Automated checks cover reference calculations; they do not certify a result for your circumstances or imply approval by a lender or tax authority.

How we build and test our calculators

Figures are estimates derived from published rates and rules, current at the review date shown at the top of this page and taken from the sources listed under Data sources on this page. Rates, fees and thresholds change; always confirm current values with the official source before relying on a result.