India: the gap between ex-showroom and on-road
An Indian car has two prices, and the one advertised is not the one you finance. GST is inside the ex-showroom price, but road tax and registration are added on top, and the gap between the ex-showroom and on-road figures is exactly that: road tax, registration and insurance, set by each state.
Road tax and registration commonly run about 6% to 12% of the ex-showroom price, which is why this page opens on 10% as a middle figure and expects you to change it. The spread is wider than that at both ends: a few states and union territories charge low single digits, while Karnataka and Kerala run well into the teens. Enter the ex-showroom price, set the rate your RTO charges, and the calculator produces the on-road total and the loan against it.
A ₹12,00,000 car at 10%
Ex-showroom ₹12,00,000, road tax and registration at 10% = ₹1,20,000, giving an on-road figure of ₹13,20,000 before any dealer charges. At 9% over 60 months with nothing down, that is roughly ₹27,400 a month.
There is no trade-in credit. Where an American buyer part-exchanging a car pays sales tax on the price after the trade-in is deducted, an Indian buyer in the same position pays road tax on the full price. A trade-in still lowers what you borrow; it simply does not lower the tax.